Episode Notes

April 26, 2026

From Rescue to Prevention: Ralph Goto on Snorkeling Safety in HawaiʻiUnderstanding the risks behind snorkeling incidents and the future of ocean safety through research, education, and lifeguard leadership

This episode explores the evolution of lifeguarding in Hawaiʻi and takes a deep dive into the growing concerns around snorkeling safety. Veteran ocean safety leader Ralph Goto former Chief of the City and County of Honolulu Ocean Safety Division, longtime lifeguard, and one of the key architects of Hawaiʻi’s modern ocean safety system shares how lifeguarding has transformed from informal “beach boy” roots into a professional, prevention-focused first responder model. His career spans frontline rescue work, department leadership, national recognition, and ongoing involvement in the Hawaiʻi Snorkel Safety Study, giving him a uniquely comprehensive perspective on both operations and prevention.

The conversation centers on snorkeling, now identified as one of the leading activities associated with rescues and fatalities among visitors. The Hawaiʻi Snorkel Safety Study is discussed in depth, examining possible contributing factors such as traveler fatigue, underlying cardiac or pulmonary conditions, equipment resistance, and emerging concerns like rapid onset pulmonary edema (ROPE). While investigations have included medical examiner reviews and equipment testing including analysis of over 100 snorkels the findings remain largely descriptive and inconclusive, highlighting the need for more rigorous, data-driven research.

The episode also addresses concerns about full-face snorkel masks, emphasizing the need for standards, proper fit, and clearer labeling. The discussion calls for shared responsibility across lifeguards, EMTs, fire responders, and the visitor industry, along with stronger collaboration to improve both prevention and response. Proposed next steps include controlled studies, pilot programs at high-risk locations, and improved incident tracking through systems like Watchtower.

Beyond research, the episode highlights the importance of prevention through education and community action. Programs led by Duane DeSoto at Nakamakai and others are helping fill gaps where statewide systems have been slow to act. International research, including work by Mike Tipton, supports the growing push to bring water safety education into schools and everyday decision-making for both residents and visitors.

The episode closes with a clear message: drowning prevention in Hawaiʻi and globally requires a coordinated, systems-based approach that combines professional lifeguard services, better data, stronger education, and practical, on-the-ground messaging. For visitors, the guidance is simple but critical: choose guarded beaches, ask questions, and respect the ocean.**

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